Harsh Truth About the Job of a Writer

So you want to be a writer. It is your dream job, you feel that it is your destined vocation, you are in love with words and the process of putting them together fascinates you like no other thing. But before you get to achieving this dream, read this article and ask yourself: â€Å"Do I really want it?† Because professional writing is not all fun and games. It is, probably, as far from fun and games as it is possible. Adam Smith Hates You The law of supply and demand works against you. Just like with any other creative job, the writers are far more numerous than writer jobs with decent pay. A lot of people dream of becoming writers, just like you – and the truth is, the majority of them will never see their dream fulfilled. Some lack talent, some lack determination, and some fall victims to supply and demand. Perhaps they are good writers, but there are a lot of other writers that are just as good. In order to get ahead of the crowd you should be better than the majority of it – and a little luck won’t hurt either. You Cannot Simply Write Some people think that writing means putting on paper something that magically appears in your head. It is not true – before something appears in your head, you should put it there. Read, do research, get experience in different fields. In general, you will spend much more time preparing to write than actually write. Do You Really Have a Talent? You should have a talent – you cannot simply take a course in creative writing and expect to learn how to write. Some people are just not cut out for it – and you will do yourself a world of good if you find out that you are one of them early enough. It will save you a lot of time, pain and frustration. You see, it is not enough to be able to put words together and have ideas what to write about. You should understand the inner workings of these words, you should know how to create atmosphere, how to control pacing and, most importantly, how to get your message to the reader. Some aspiring writers try to turn the incomprehensibility of their works into an advantage, saying that those who don’t understand them are not intelligent enough. It is a lie; if you can’t get your message through, it is mostly your fault. Writing is Different from Any Other Job You Had Just like any other creative work, writing is far from being a regular job – at least for the majority of people. You cannot go to an employer and simply apply for a position – you have to work your way up on your own. It will probably take years of toil, determination and disappointments before you actually get any results – and there is no guarantee that these results will be forthcoming at all. Take it all into account; if you still think that it is your cup of tea, then good luck!

Napolean Bonaparte Considered to be the Savior of the...

An important period in the history of France, was the French Revolution, covering the years of 1789 to 1799 (French Revolution cite). During this period of time, Napolean Bonaprate was considered to be the savior of the French Revolution and of France itself; Napolean ended the revolution while putting it in the hands of a government that brought stability and equality throughout the country (Napolean Bonaparte cite). The main cause of the French Revolution was because of the constant failure of the governments and their ability to manage the country. However, when Napolean became a leader he made sure that Frances current conditions would change. This individual had a tremendous impact on the region, which many believe saved Frances conception and government. The inveterate legacy from this individual is the Napoleonic Code (NBS). Napolean based this code mainly on the idea of equality, that way the region wasnt divided among the rich and poor or wealth status; inequality played a m ajor role in the French Revolution since people were treated based on their affluence. The Napoleonic Code divided Civil Law into three categories, thus being: Personal Status, Property, Acquisition of Property (NBS). Even though there were conflicts among this code, it ensured that everyone would have a chance to gain personal wealth and status, instead of pursuing off of family sovereignty. This code, interestingly, is still in use to this day in former French colonies such as Quebec and

Epic Poetry And Beowulf Analysis Essay Example For Students

Epic Poetry And Beowulf Analysis Essay The epic poem Beowulf Is one of the oldest epics In English literature. Beowulf is a great Anglo-Saxon warrior. He has super human abilities that set him apart from other men. He is a servant to Warthogs and eventually becomes a beloved king. Beowulf is a true hero in this epic because of his accomplishments In battle. Beowulf fights Greened, Grenades mother, and a dragon throughout this poem. The three battles Beowulf engages in differ by his attitude, preparation, and physical ability. In Beowulf battle against Greened, his attitude, preparation, and physical ability illustrate his confidence. Beowulf travels to the land of the Danes because he heard there was a demon terrorizing the Danish people. He Is very sure of himself and does not fear Greened. Beowulf Is so confident that he claims, single-handed settle the strife! (Beowulf 16) Beowulf decides to wear no armor and bear no weapons during the fight. However, he is unaware that all weapons have no effect on Greened. HIS excuse for not using weapons Is because Nothing knows of noble fighting, of thrusting and hewing and hacking of shield. Rice as he Is in fury of war (24). Beowulf has a lot of faith in himself and his abilities. He is very young and agile but his strength is what sets him apart from other men due to the fact that his hand-grip has thirty mens strength (15). With strength like this, Beowulf has no trouble taking him with hand-grip only grapple with Greened; Foe against for fight to the death(1 6). Beowulf travels into the swamp where Greened resides. Beowulf wins the first battle when Greened a grievous hurt, a wound in the holder, gaping and wide; Sines and bow Joints , and Beowulf the glory of This victory reinforces Beowulf confidence and he is honored to restore the split of Horror. In Beowulf battle with Grenades mother, he Is somewhat less confident. Grenades mother enters Horror and steals Hoarders most trusted advisor and Grenades severed arm. When she flees the Hall of the Hart, Beowulf vows that she shall not In safety escape to cover, to earthy cavern, or forest fastness, or gulf of ocean, go where she may (45). Unlike his battle with Greened, Beowulf prepares to fight his mother with weapons, armor, and unfetters sword. The sword that Unfetter gives him is truly magnificent; Its blade iron, with etched design, Tempered in blood of many a battle(47). After preparing himself for battle, Beowulf travels to the Fenlands where Grenades mom lives. He plunges Into the swampy water and swims nigh unto day he the depths(48) of the Fenlands. Finally, he is face to face with Grenades mother. Beowulf attempts to use unfetters sword, but it does not penetrate the troll-wifes flesh. Suddenly, he notices sword that was created by giants. Luckily, Beowulf Is as strong as thirty men and Is able to pick up the extremely heavy sword. In comparison to the battle with Greened, Beowulf slaughters Grenades mother. He returns to the surface and is greeted by his men. The head of Greened and the hilt of the sword that Beowulf grasps in his hands amaze the men. Beowulf confidence Is at an all time low In his final battle against the dragon. He believes that his days on earth are over. At this point In time, Beowulf is the King of Eastland and he is faced with a difficult task. A slave has 1 OFF toll a goblet from the dragons treasure. The dragon is furious and fire and flame, / the bright dwellings the glow of the blaze / hearts with horror (74). .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137 , .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137 .postImageUrl , .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137 , .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137:hover , .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137:visited , .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137:active { border:0!important; } .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137:active , .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137 .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue7bd8893cfec843869a870ca7d576137:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How are these messages transmitted? EssayBeowulf knew this victory would be difficult to achieve although he was bold in spirit, makes no boast / as to fight the flying serpent (81). In comparison to the battle with Grenades mother, Beowulf plans to bring armor and weapons. In contrast, he prepares for this battle by having a special shield made: The lord of warriors and leader of earls / work for him of iron and wondrous held, / Knowing full well that wood not serve him / Nor linden defend him against flame (75). Similar to the battle with Greened, Beowulf has to slay the dragon because it is terrorizing his people. In comparison to the other battles, Beowulf defeats the dragon. However, he is also defeated because he suffers a fatal wound. The battle with the dragon has few similarities compared to the other battles Beowulf endured. Beowulf is a great and respected hero. As a young man, he defeats two creatures that terrorize Hoarders people. This earns him a special place in Hoarders heart as his son.

The Inspiration of My Life My Cousin Montana free essay sample

Corinne walked into the house and I followed close behind, but ran into her when she suddenly stopped at a worrying sight. Our mother sat at our kitchen counter, crying, while holding her cell phone in a fist. Corinne stayed frozen a few feet from the entryway while whispering, â€Å"What happened?† My sister and I feared the worst, but we could never prepare for our mother’s reply. â€Å"Your cousin Montana died. He committed suicide.† We were told later that our nine-year-old cousin, Montana, had committed suicide at his elementary school due to his problems with bullying. The truth seemed unfathomable, but reality is sometimes harsher than a person’s worst nightmare. A few days later, everyone who knew Montana listened as all of our emotions were put into words by Montana’s best friend. â€Å"Why?† The little boy cried while looking at the casket that held his companion, â€Å"Why did you give your life away and let the bullies win?† This January marks the second anniversary of Montana’s death and this December would bring about his eleventh birthday. We will write a custom essay sample on The Inspiration of My Life: My Cousin Montana or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In his memory, my sister and I tried to find a way to prevent bullying. A few months after his death, my friend contacted me to see if I would like to help her create a bully prevention club for our school, which soon became H.E.R.O. (Help Everyone Respect Others) and we went to our local middle school and talked with a small group of students about the causes and effects of bullying, the different types of bullying, what they could do to help, and each high school student that was part of the group would share their own inspiring story about how bullying affected his or her life. The stories we shared varied from our viewpoint as a bully, target, and bystander so that the students could see how we reflect on our past experiences and how we would change what we did if it were to happen again. My favorite activity we did was a scavenger hunt game where we hid three different facts and the middle school students had to go and find the letters before making them sort them into the fac ts. For the next week we had them come up with and find their own facts, explanation, and possible resolutions to the fact of bullying they were given to bring with them so that everyone could put in their own thoughts about the fact. I never want others to feel what my family and I have after losing Montana, and I hope that my words and actions will make a difference for someone. Maybe my speeches could keep another family from facing this horrendous experience. Maybe I could save another person’s life. The thought that I could save someone from such a horrible situation inspires me to keep strong and going, but the friendships I have gained through this club keep me standing tall and help me even when it hurts to speak about this very sensitive topic.

The Legitimacy Of The Armed Struggle Of The Tamil People Essays

The Legitimacy Of The Armed Struggle Of The Tamil People Essays The legitimacy of the armed struggle of the Tamil people Democracy may mean acceding to the rule of the majority, but democracy also means governments by discussion and persuasion. It is the belief that the minority of today may become the majority of tomorrow that ensures the stability of a functioning democracy. The practice of democracy in Sri Lanka within the confines of a unitary state served to perpetuate the oppressive rule of a permanent Sinhala majority. It was a permanent Sinhala majority, which through a series of legislative and administrative acts, ranging from disenfranchisement, and standardisation of University admissions, to discriminatory language and employment policies, and state sponsored colonisation of the homelands of the Tamil people, sough to establish its hegemony over people of Tamil Eelam. These legislative and administrative acts were reinforced from time to time with physical attacks on the Tamil people with intent to terrorise and intimidate them into submission. It was a course of conduct which led eventually to rise of Tamil militancy in the mid 1970s with, initially, sporadic acts of violence. The militancy was met with wide ranging retaliatory attacks on increasingly large sections of the Tamil people with intent, once again to subjugate them. In the late 1970s large numbers of Tamil youths were detained without trial and tortured under emergency regulations and later under the Prevention of Terrorism Act which has been described by the International Commission of Jurists as a 'blot on the statute book of any civilised country'. In 1980s and thereafter, there were random killings of Tamils by the state security forces and Tamil hostages were taken by the state when 'suspects' were not found. The preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reads: "Whereas it is essential if man is not compelled as a last resort to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law." The rise of the armed struggle of the Tamil people constituted the Tamil rebellion against a continuing Sinhala oppression over a period of several decades. The gross consistent and continuing violations of the human rights of the Tamil people have been well documented by innumerable reports of human rights organisations as well as of independent observers of the Sri Lankan scene. Walter Schwarz commented in the Minority Rights Group Report on Tamils of Sri Lanka, 1983 "...The makings of an embattled freedom movement now seem assembled: martyrs, prisoners and a pitiful mass of refugees. Talk of 'Biafra' which had sounded misplaced in 1975, seemed less unreal a few years later... As this report goes to press in September 1983, the general outlook for human rights in Sri Lanka is not promising. The present conflict has transcended the special consideration of minority rights and has reached the point where the basic human rights of the Tamil community - the rights to life and property, freedom of speech and self expression and freedom from arbitrary arrest have in fact and in law been subject to gross and continued violations. The two communities are mow polarised and continued repression coupled with economic stagnation can only produce stronger demands from the embattled minority, which unless there is a change in direction by the central government, will result in a stronger Sinhalese backlash and the possibility of outright civil war". David Selbourne remarked in July 1984: "The crimes committed by the Sri Lankan state against the Tamil minority - against its physical security, citizenship rights, and political representation -are of growing gravity.. Report after report by impartial bodies - By Amnesty International, By the International Commission of jurists, By parliamentary delegates from the West by journalists and scholars - have set out clearly the scale of growing degeneration of the political and physical well being of the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka... Their cause represents the very essence of the cause of human rights and justice; and to deny it, debases and reduces us all". A Working Group chaired by Goran Backstrand, of the Swedish Red Cross at the Second Consultation on Ethnic Violence, Development and Human Rights, Netherlands, in February 1985 concluded: "There was a general consensus that within Sri Lanka today, the Tamils do not have the

Bystander Behaviour Research Paper

Bystander Behaviour Research Paper Free Online Research Papers This essay will give examples and discuss the factors which can affect bystander behaviour in various situations. Models explaining theories will be looked at along with various studies, as well as looking at the three social cognitive processes by Latane and Darley and explain how these were put together to propose a complex cognitive model. The essay will explain the Arousal cost reward model by Piliavin and Piliavin. After the murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964, bystander behaviour was first looked at by Latane and Darley in 1970. Kitty was repeatedly stabbed by a stalker on three separate attacks. During the first two attempts, voices and the sight of lights going on interrupted him and frightened him off but seeing as nobody was coming to her rescue, he went back the third time which consequently led to her death. During the police investigation it emerged that 38 of her neighbours had separately witnessed the attack and yet no-one had intervened or called the police. It was through kitty Genovese murder and early laboratory studies that led Latane and Darley to introduce the concept of unresponsive bystander and bystander apathy and according to Latane and Darley decision model, a bystander will pass through a logical series of steps before actually offering any help. Therefore a negative decision at any step will lead to non- intervention. The three social cognitive processes towards the behaviour of bystanders by Latane and Darley that were involved in the passive behaviour of bystanders and these are, Diffusion of responsibility is where there is a tendency that the individual will assume that someone else has taken control of the situation when in fact as a result no one actually does. Audience inhibition is where an individual is concerned with what others might think of them and not want to react to what may be a false alarm as they could feel embarrassed. Pluralistic ignorance which means that an individual will observe the behaviour from other onlookers and take his cue from their behaviour before actually helping and Latane and Darley put these ideas together to form a complex model and it was suggested that there were five steps necessary in order for an individual to take positive action. Step one is that an individual must notice that something is happening. A study by Darley and Batson (1973) is an example of this, whereby seminary students had to give a talk in a nearby building on the Good Samaritan. Each group were given different levels of urgency. Group one were told they had plenty of time to get to the other building, group two were told they had a few minutes but it is best to head over now whereas The third group was told they were already late. In an alleyway they passed a man slumped on the ground in pain. It was unclear whether the man was ill or drunk. 70% of students who believed they were ahead of schedule stopped to help the man, 45% of people who were on time stopped to help whereas only 10% of the students who believed they were late stopped to help. However many students actually stepped over the man needing help. It is thought that the students with more time took more notice of their surroundings whereas the students who believed they were late kept their heads down and noticed hardly anything of their surroundings. Step two of the cognitive model is do we interpret the situation as an emergency. Step three of the model is to take responsibility for helping. Step four refers to if a bystander decides to help and this will be influenced by how competent they feel. Step five will be to give the help needed provided the other four steps have been gone through first. Darley and Latane’s conclusions were expanded into a cost-reward arousal model by Piliavin et al in the early 1980’s. This model suggests that the potential rewards and costs of intervention and non-intervention are weighed up by the bystander. The cost-reward arousal model consists of two factors that are interdependent in order to explain whether or not a bystander will help. Arousal in response to the need of others is an emotional response which is distressing to the helper, thus motivating the helper to help in reducing their own distress. Cost-reward factor involves the bystander weighing up the situation in terms of costs and rewards to themselves. Costs and rewards may be seen in terms of those received for helping the victim , for example the amount of physical danger involved or fame and monetary rewards and as the costs for helping increase so does the probability of intervention. In conclusion this essay has shown that the cost of helping and not helping differ according to the type of help that is required, which could include personality of the bystander, the gender of either, and furthermore the bystander – victim relationship. Helping can be called altruism but only if the motive is to benefit the victim which is empathic concern. All human beings are capable of altruistic acts, and according to universal egoism, helping is always motivated by personal distress. Humans are capable of biological altruism whereby it is triggered within emergency situations, especially where their friends or relatives are concerned. Research Papers on Bystander Behaviour Research PaperThree Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCapital PunishmentBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Corporate strategy case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Corporate strategy case study - Essay Example In those days, cross-Channel travel was not dominated by the leisure business as it is today. It was used for military action and primarily for trade. Even at that time, around 100 years ago there was no dearth of proposals. Many people especially the French suggested highly sophisticated and technical ideas for the new link. However, because this was before invention of railways these tunnels were not surprisingly road tunnels. The Treaty of Canterbury which set the original ambitious objectives for the Tunnel stated that the Tunnel should "greatly improve communications between the United Kingdom and France and give fresh impetus to relations between the two countries, contribute to the development of relations and exchanges between the Member states of the European Communities and more generally between European States."2 2007 marked the completion of 13 years of an epic tale that has continued to shock, delight and confuse many. This is the story of the Euro tunnel which was a dream come true for many and many knew back then that it would be history in the making. The company is currently on a route to restructuring and revitalisation of the Eurotunnel. 2004 saw the company sink in its profits and revenues. Richard Shirrefs, chief executive of Eurotunnel, said that the cross-channel rail industry was working on a "failed business model" and that you can't have a 25bn infrastructure which is not generating enough traffic - this is a big structural problem' The Eurotunnel has disappointed its shareholders and owners. The debt crises have been alarming and the fact that the Eurotunnel has not been able to generate traffic is also hard on shareholders. Since debts amount to over 6 billion pounds it is difficult to see what the future of the company will look like. 4 Industry and Competitor Analysis The Eurotunnel is part of the Cross Channel Rail Industry. This industry is currently plagued with a lot of problems. One of these is overcapitalisation. There is a pound 10 billion Eurotunnel investment and pound 15 billion public investment. Secondly it has also been under utilised. It is suffering from under utilisation of expensive infrastructure and financial losses. The high access charge paid by vehicles using the Eurotunnel is limiting traffic. It is a highly fragmented channel because of a possibility of rail; ferry or air travels on this route and in conflict. Competition is set to soar by 2010. However, great opportunities abound this new invention. This is because it has been found that people prefer travelling by rail than plane across the channel. On the other hand there is a huge global opportunity for the cross channel rail industry as people find this medium increasingly convenient and fast. Current Strategy It was observed that the Eurotunnel has lost 25% of volume since 2000 and approximately 5 points of decline in market share. Secondly, the company has lost share even in the truck market with a fall in revenue as well as average yield per truck. Initially the Eurotunnel believed in premium pricing and established that if it keeps prices above its competition it will create a premium image and will thereby able to reap profits accordingly. This backfired. The competitors' low pricing strategy

Planning and Managing for the Future - Inverleith Hotel - Edingburgh Assignment

Planning and Managing for the Future - Inverleith Hotel - Edingburgh - Assignment Example In addition, the managers and employees are identified to be focusing on the preferences of the customers facilitating in attracting more customers, which in turn aids towards the development of the hotel (Annual Report, 2014). One of the weaknesses of hotel is the limited sales volume and number of rooms, which is affecting the visibility of the brand name of the hotel. The major opportunity of the hotel is the competency of the employees based on which the hotel is able to perform its operations in a competitive manner. The entrance of new hotel can be one of the major threats for B&B. The owners and managers play a vital role towards the improvement of the performance of the hotel based on their good managerial skills. The owners and managers always support the employees in their work, so that the employees can perform their work effectively for meeting the satisfaction level of the customers (Annual Report, 2011). In the context, the assignment focuses on evaluating the plans as well as objectives of Inverleith Hotel (B&B) for having a better understanding of the performance of the company. Accordingly measures are needed to be adopted for implementing the changes effectively for enhanced growth as well as development of the hotel. The current business objectives and plans of Inverleith Hotel (B&B) are to increase exposure and expand market by using new and advanced technology. Other current business objective and plan is to increase the number of customers with the aim of increasing the profit as well as economic growth of the hotel. The hotel has planned to improve the quality of food products and also provide the best services to the customers based on the requirements of the customers (Annual Report, 2013). The business plans to hold a strong market position in the international market. The current business objectives and plans have been to enhance the performance of the hotel. To improve the current performance, the owners and

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Example for Free

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay When a person voluntarily and intentionally helps another person to take away his life, by act or omission, this is referred to as assisted suicide. All parties, in clear cases, convey their intentions unambiguously and each individual who is involved make voluntary, informed and competent choice. The person assisting in suicide does not directly kill the person but rather he helps the person to kill himself or herself. The means of assistance adopts various forms which may include providing the means or removing the obstacles. Kopelman, 2007) Physician assisted suicide on the other hand is when a physician assists a patient in taking away his or her life. This kind of suicide has been marked with great controversies with various factions holding viewing it an immoral act while others view it as moral. This paper argues that under various restricted circumstances, physician assisted suicide should be permitted. The act of suicide is not contrary to societal norms as had been argued by many moralists. This can be historically supported. What is known about the ancient Greek society support the idea that suicide was largely acceptable. According to Plato, suicide becomes a justifiable and rational act if life became immoderate. In his view, intolerable constraints and painful disease were a justification enough for one to take away his or her life. Within a period of one hundred years after his death, his followers embraced suicide as a desirable way out. This attitude towards suicide extended to the Roman Empire. The Romans considered suicide with neither revulsion nor fear. To them, it was a deliberately chosen validation of the principles of life. (Weir, 1997) During the time of Justinian, a private citizens suicide was not punishable if the cause was sickness, weariness of life, impatience of pain or lunacy. Since this encompassed all rational causes, all that remained was irrational suicide which had no cause and hence punishable. However, suicide was frowned upon by the Pythagorean School of philosophy which was then a minority view. Nevertheless, there did not exist throughout classical antiquity the prohibition of suicide. Christians later adopted to prohibit suicide even though they found it increasingly difficult to support this view based on the scriptures. There are no verses in the scripture which directly condemn suicide. Christianitys change of attitude toward suicide was largely motivated by practicalities even though the concept of sanctity of life is theologically rooted. The cult of martyrdom could have rapidly led to actual suicide in the name of religion thereby leading to a decrease in the number of faithful who at that time was badly needed by the Church. As such, the Church viewed suicide as a threat to its survival since faithfuls were dying in worrying numbers. With regard to assisted suicide, it becomes very difficult to decide what is right especially when the permission to deliberately take away human life is involved. Under such extreme circumstances, normal moral rules are often stretched to the point of breaking down. There are various circumstances which test the moral wisdom of men such as the intentional suicide by a spy who is preventing torture for the disclosure of important military information. Many people would agree that under such circumstances, ending life would be legitimate. As such, it largely depends on the circumstances. This dependence on circumstances brings us to the issue of physician assisted suicide. My argument is that only under carefully limited circumstances should a physician be permitted to assist an individual to end unnecessary suffering. This may include directly administering drugs which will facilitate the end of the patients life or any means through which the patient can use to take away his or her life. Under certain circumstances, the patients choice may take priority above other considerations. For instance, when a person suffers from an incurable disease such that life to him has become series after series of pain and suffering, losing meaning and a sense of purpose, desiring nothing but death, then assisted suicide may be considered. After all considerations have been made, his choice to end his life should finally be honored. The physicians role is to act in the best interest of the patient, and under some extreme situations, this may include assisting the patient to end his life hastily upon his request. However, many doctors hold that their role is to enhance and preserve life and not to deliberately end it. Lhier, 2008) If the physician’s role is restricted to healing, this automatically disqualifies his role of assisting a patient to end his or her life. However, this fails to address the scope and limit of the proper functions of the physician. The challenge for the physician is finding the best way of assisting the patient to come from a state of extreme pain to a state of wellness. If this cannot be achieved, then the physician may assist the patient in ending this miserable life that is causing so much suffering for the soul. This will be a magnification of the role of the physician and not a contradiction. At times, it becomes preferable to end suffering than extending life and hence suffering. The troubling factor in assisted death is that it involves a conflict in values. As we are bound to comprehend life, it is a wonderful adventure which promises love, pleasure, happiness and joy. However, circumstances alter it into a hopeless burden full of pain, despair and suffering. Every human individual desiring well being but finds himself locked within a body which brings nothing but pain has a right to decide and end his life. Under such circumstances, death may be preferred. If an individual arrives at the conclusion that life brings more pain and suffering and hence desires to take it away, our duty is to grant such individuals their wish. However, we are forbidden to kill by moral imperative. Morality and religion dictates that it is wrong to kill. On the other hand, they both encourage mercy. Every effort should be invested at guarding against abuse even though at a patients request, it would be helpful and merciful to end his unendurable suffering. Legalization of assisted death for the sake of the victims and their loved ones is demanded of by compassion and benevolence. The families of those individuals who have witnessed their loved ones under extreme pain provide a powerful argument in support of physician assisted death. When death has not yet brought relief for the afflicted and medical science has stretched its capability to the limit to no vain, a sense of powerlessness and despair is experienced by the members of his family as they watch in horror as a loved one is tormented by suffering. Thus, opting for death under such intolerable situations would be advantageous not only for the victim but also for the family members. Assisted suicide is just an extension of individual autonomy which individuals seek to enact throughout their lives. (Battin et al, 2002) Every individual, in response to the many convictions which purportedly makes life worth living, act in such a way as to shape these convictions which are also held for how death should be experienced. Medical establishments only penetrate bodily ills without regarding various personal views. Assisted suicide is thus a way of bringing back the sense of control to individuals who are approaching the end of their lives. It is an extension of the freedom to pursue life as one desires as long as it does not harm others. For the patient, assisted suicide becomes a way of customizing death. Assisted suicide apart from honoring peoples right of self determination is also a prudent policy. It is with this regard that physicians are needed as counselors to ensure that a patient makes a competent, unforced and rational choice. Holding high regard for the moral and legal heritage, I contend that physician assisted suicide should be looked upon with much reflection. There are times which call for a rethought of our principles, traditions and codes so as to bring to the fore real life experiences. Those ideals which were designed with good intentions sometimes tend to degrade life, being a source of unfathomable suffering. Prohibiting physician assisted suicide may be one such thing. Individuals with extreme and rare cases can be provided with an opportunity to manage their death without jeopardizing our reverence for life. As such, a way of being merciful to the dying without labeling those who assist them as criminals can be provided.

The Electoral Process :: President Elections Politics Essays

The Electoral Process There are very many elections each year in America. Though the most important, the national election for president is held every four years. These elections are far from simple in terms of organization. The process for a national election lasts nearly a year. A party must provide nominated people to stand for election. 'Primary election' is the term used in America for the elections which will select the two parties’ presidential nomination. The primary elections start in January of election year and can last until June in what is called the "primary season". Registered voters vote for their delegates. Since 1952 the first primary election has traditionally been in New Hampshire. Of those nominated, only one is selected by the party delegates at the national conventions. This takes place during the summer. The voting body at a national convention is made up of delegates. The delegates, once at a convention, vote for a candidate for the presidential election. The vice-president is also announced at the national convention. Also at the conventions, each party’s policy platform is announced. This is essentially what each party plans to do if elected by the people. After the national conventions, the two parties’ presidential hopefuls can concentrate on campaigning for the ultimate prize in American politics. Each state has a number of delegates attached to it who are members of the state’s Electoral College. It is these people who the voters in that state are in reality voting for as most of these delegates are voted for at the same time as the presidential election. The number of delegates a state gets is dependent on its population and its representation in the House of Representatives. The election of the electors and congress takes place on the first Tuesday in November. The presidential election is done on a winner-take-all basis in a state. Therefore if a candidate has most voters voting for him in a state, he will get all the Electoral votes from that state. This is true even if the number of people who voted against him is greater than the number he received.

Semantics: The Power of Language

Language is a phenomenon which allows human beings to interact in a meaningful way with one another.   Language began as a rudimentary system of hieroglyphics and has evolved into a highly complex system of the spoken and written word.   As language in both spoken and written form has developed, so has man’s understanding of it.   This understanding of both words and sentences has evolved along with the language itself and with the people who use it to create meaning.Word formation has occurred throughout time through several processes.   Words were developed initially through other languages, through etymology and then progressed into the formation of new words altogether, which can occur through a variety of means.   Next, words are arranged into sentences which carry both literal and implied meanings which can be based upon sounds and even the previous knowledge of those conversing.   In many ways, word economy has resulted by adopting new words from existing wo rds or from portions of existing words in an effort to simplify language.The process of economized words, which are words formed from existing words which then become commonly understood words in the language, is a major way in which the words of the language are formed.   Coinage is a process of inventing completely new words from a source which seems to embody its meaning. One way in which this occurs is to create the word kleenex from the brand name of Kleenex (instead of tissue) and xerox as a verb after the Xerox brand of copy machines.   Furthermore, eponyms can be created from individuals’ names such as to hoover from Hoover who invented the vacuum cleaner and the concept of the sandwich from the Earl of Sandwich (Yule, 2006).Another process of economizing words is called blending.   Blending occurs when the beginning of one word is combined with the ending of another word.   This new word then enters the language as an original word.   For example, a blended word for the product of gasoline made with alcohol is gasohol.   The meal which is a combination of breakfast and lunch has become represented with the word brunch.   Of course, this process can occur with the beginnings of two words as well.   The word modem is a blend of modulator and demodulator, and the new concept of Spanglish is the blending of English and Spanish (Yule, 2006), made even more popular by a recent motion picture of the same name.By blending words together, the meaning from the original words is already intact.   Thus, the meaning of the resulting word does not have to be suddenly relearned.   The meaning already exists because the words already exist.   In this way, the economy of the English language is maintained without the need for learning new definitions and uses.A third process of word economy is referred to as clipping.   With this process, a longer word is reduced to a shortened form of itself. This shortened from, like blending, carries the same meaning as its original.   The only difference is the shortened form of the word.   For example, the word facsimile, with its proliferation of used, has become shortened in modern language to the word fax.   Likewise, the word condo represents its initial longer form of condominium.Words that are reduced to a single syllable and then joined with an –ie or –y are a type of this process known as hypocorism.   Words like movie for moving picture, bookie for bookmaker and hankie for handkerchief are examples of this type of word economy (Yule, 2006).   This type of word economy is popular in England, where the word television has even been shortened to the popular, telly.As the process of word economy develops, some words are backformed.   Backforming is a type of word economy because it uses the same root of a word to convert it into a different part of speech.   One basic word root becomes the basis for two or even three words.   This process tak es a form of a word and reduces it to another form.For example a noun can be reduced to a verb.   From the word television, a noun, comes the verb televise.   The verb babysit was derived from babysitter.   Basically, in English, words that end in –er comprise the noun forms while the same word minus the –er make up the verbs.   An example is worker to work or player to play (Yule, 2006).   This particular backformation becomes a pattern in language, thus repeating itself over and over with new words without any additional units of meaning.This change itself is known as the process of conversion.   This process changing verb phrases into nouns and vice versa.   For example, if a secretary is ordered to print out a form, the resultant form is known as a printout.   If a company wants to take over another, they initiate a takeover.This can happen in the other direction as well a dirty room can be converted into the verb to dirty, as in â€Å"the boy dirt ied the room.†Ã‚   It can even occur from adjectives as well.   A person who is in a ballpark often, such as a player, may become a ballpark figure.   Thus a noun becomes an adjective (Yule, 2006). Again, it is easier to learn, understand and use a language if the meanings can be used in multiple situations.Anther popular method of creating words is through the use of acronyms.   These are word forms that result from the initial letters of a set of words.   A CD is the acronym for a compact disk.   A PIN is a personal identification number.   These words are constantly added as the result of different jargon such as that of business, international relations and education (Yule, 2006).   For example, NASA, INTEL, and RAM are specific to particular industries and would not exist if it were not for those industries.Finally, some words are created by combining two or more of the above techniques.   For example, English borrowed the word delicatessen from the German language and then clipped it to the Americanized deli.   The words snow and ball were compounded into the noun snowball and then converted to the verb – to snowball.   Adding the suffix –ish to the acronym formed from White Anglo Saxon Protestant results as WASPish (Yule, 2006).   All of these words now become an integral part of the language which people widely understand and use as part of their daily language.Beyond the mere creation, usage and understanding of words is the combination of words into sentences.   Many argue that words themselves would not be meaningful without the construct of a sentence to give it basic background.   Individuals generally communicate through sentences which are basically formed with a subject, verb, and a complete thought, as students are taught throughout school.   Thus, forming words into syntactical patterns and creating a context in which they are used is vital to understanding both written and spoken communication today.However, many linguists also argue that conversation can be understood in its reduced form based upon certain inherent techniques.   This enables individuals to understand conversation that is not composed of perfectly constructed sentences.   In this way, a person can understand a word as a sentence because they already understand the context of the meaning in which the word was spoken (Palmer, 1981).   Thus, sentences, too can be economized just as words can.Fragments of sentences that are closely linked in meaning can be combined in such a way that some parts of the sentence is omitted.   This is known as an elliptical formation.   One way that this happens is through analyzing both the surface structure and the deep structure of meaning.   The surface structure is a literal meaning of the sentence, while the deep structure is the figurative, implied, abstract meaning of the communication itself which may depend on former knowledge by the partners (Palmer, 1981) . Both structures are necessary to understand communication, but the deep structure may help the individual differentiate between various meanings in context.The two types of language features that are inherent in this process are prosodic and paralinguistic features.   Prosodic features deal with actual sounds of the language such as tone, stress, volume, rhythm etc.   Paralinguistic features include the visuals of language, such as the speaker’s facial expressions, gestures, etc (Palmer, 1981).   Thus, both the way the communication sounds and the visual cues of the speaker can contribute to a fuller understanding.Tone and stress is used by speakers to indicate which part of the sentence is to be given the most emphasis. This emphasis indicates the most important information of the system.   Speech acts can serve a variety of functions even while the same sentence is being uttered.   These purposes can be warnings, threats, promises, pleas, etc. and can change the meaning of any sentence.   Sentences can be insinuations which carry some inherent truthfulness in them.   The sentence/question â€Å"Do you still beat your wife?† insinuates that the subject has at one time been a wife-beater, which suggests an accusation which the speaker intends for the listeners to realize (Palmer, 1981).Other meanings are based on the relationships between the individuals.   Some conversation is meaningless and carries no specific information.   Other sentence meanings can be derived simply from its grammatical structure.   Finally, sentence meaning can be based on how the sentence is said.   Ultimately, the sentence that is truth-conditional is not concerned with grammar but with the meaning of the proposition of the sentence.   Is it based in truth or not?   For example, if someone is cited directly, that is considered more truthful than if he is cited indirectly, even though both may not be formally proven within the context of the p articular sentence (Palmer, 1981).   Ultimately, the ambiguities of language and the situations in which it exists, create the problems of interpretation which depend upon so much more than the mere words.The spoken language is far more complex than the written language.   Palmer (1981) gives four ways in which this is true.   First, human beings spoke long before they wrote.   Second, a child learns spoken language far earlier than he learns how to write.   Third, human beings speak for more during their daily lives than they write.   Finally, writing can be converted to speech without much loss; however, this process cannot happen the other way around (Palmer, 1981).The tone and stress of words was mentioned earlier as a way to decipher emphasis in spoken communication.   Combined with pitch, or the rise and fall of words, people can gain even more meaning from the exchange.   If a particular word of syllable is accented, the listened gains a particular set of mean ings which may be different if another word or syllable is accented.   This information unit (this tone group of pitch, accent, etc) counts more to the listener in terms of understanding the meaning than does the simple grammatical components of the sentence (Palmer, 1981).Rises in pitch are concerned with certain types of meanings, like indecision or questions, while falls in pitch are more concerned with statements.   Likewise, certain emotions can be expressed through intonation as well.   These meanings may vary from language to language (Palmer, 1981).The topic and comment of an utterance represents these differences.   The topic is basically the main informational unit of the sentence while the comment is the opinion or emotion attached to it.   These two units may, generally, be distinguishable from one another (Palmer, 1981).Word order is one way in which these distinctions are made.   The word at the beginning of the sentence generally indicates the topic of the sentence.   Manipulation of word order can indicate the topic and its emphasis (comment).   The example give in Palmer (1981) is â€Å"The man over there I do not like very much.†Ã‚   Similarly, new information in a sentence is usually given more toward the end of the sentence and is accompanied by a rise in pitch (Palmer, 1981).Thus the ordering of the words and the rise and fall of their pitch can give indication to the meaning.Other utterances are less a function of giving new information and more a function of naming an action.   These actions can be explicit, which literally name the act, and implicit, which do not.   Certain presuppositions are contained within implicit actions.   These actions may not be obviously named, but they are known because the listener is familiar with the context of the utterance.  Ã‚   This presupposition can be contained in other remarks as well, such as â€Å"John drank another beer,† which implies he has had at least on e drink.   The author asserts that it is difficult to make a distinction between what is explicitly stated and what is presupposed (Palmer, 1981).Finally, implications may be even more far removed from the explicit meaning of the words.   For example, if a person makes a statement â€Å"It’s hot in here,† he may be actually implying that he would like someone to turn on the air conditioner.   The conversation is reduced in that the individual does not have to fill in the intermediate information for the listener (Palmer, 1981).   A question of â€Å"Did you take out the garbage?† may be followed by â€Å"It isn’t Thursday† would have no meaning to anyone who didn’t know that the garbage man comes on Thursday.   However, a married couple would have the perfect understanding of this exchange because of their shared context.Spoken English and written English are composed of words, which have been produced from a variety of sources and through a variety of processes.   In addition, these words are arranged in such a way as to give them the power of meaning in context.   While written conversation is more in tune with grammatical constructions, spoken language also carries the nuances of tone, stress, pitch, volume and even implicit meanings.   Thus, meaning can be derived from words, sentences, sound and visual cues and even an implicit understanding of context.Word economy has created more words from current words while preserving the meanings.   This reduces the need for new words to be invented and aids in the process of understanding.   In addition, the same concept can be applied to sentences.   The original grammatical meaning of the sentence can be expressed by sound and visual cues from the speaker in many different ways.   As a result, the meanings may be multiple while the actual words that make up the sentence remain the same.   Clearly, the evolution of both written and spoken language is a dynamic force that will continue for all time.ReferencesPalmer, Frank R. Semantics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981.Yule, George. The Study of Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge : Cambridge UP, 2006.

Ocean Dumping: Key Issues

Ocean Dumping: Key Issues Liz Gomez Ocean Dumping: Key Issues Marine debris is the official designation and referents to human created wastes that pollutes and are dumped deliberately or accidentally in lakes, waterways, seas and oceans. While certain debris naturally float on bodies of water (i. e. ogs and trees that got cut via natural events), certain communities, peoples and industries the world over deliberately dump debris and garbage in bodies of water without much thought into the effects of such acts in relation to threats to animals (fish, sea mammals, birds, reptiles) their habitats, coastal habitations and to human industries that depend on the bounty of the sea (i. e. fishing). Of late the greatest threat are the toxins released via the practice of ocean dumping which can destroy so easily fragile ocean habitats.Plastic and Styrofoam’s, being non-biodegradable cannot breakdown and affect ocean and water inhabitants in so many ways – accumulated debris preve nts photolysis, a component in photosynthesis killing marine life. Ghost nets and accumulated plastic as well as unique debris like six-pack rings can entangle marine life and result to movement restriction which can lead to starvation, laceration, infection and eventually, death. Dugongs, dolphins, sharks, reptiles, sea turtles and all sorts of fish can easily get entangled with ghost nets.Plastic bags and plastic pellets – the broken down versions of plastics via weathering clog the digestive tract of marine animals and where they pool, prevent photolysis as well. It does not help that the smaller pellets, known as nurdles resemble fish eggs. Populations of fish and sea mammals often mistake them for fish eggs and their ingestion result to death. Ever since man started sailing, the ocean has become a dumping ground for debris and materials. Greenpeace estimates that annually, containers ships lose about 10,000 containers while at sea.Adding to marine debris is the runoff fr om landfills & storm drains. The danger in the toxic contamination via ocean dumping can be seen in varied incidents in the Arctic Sea. In the 50's Russia dumped highly radioactive materials in their own part of the Arctic – the Barents Karas Sea but the toxicity spread through the rich fishing grounds of the international and open waters of the sea that it affected and threatened fish populations and the industry of Arctic Sea Fishing.Of recent, the experience of the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico showed how fragile marine biology is as species of marine life got heavily affected which in turn affected the fishing and tourism industries of the towns and cities around the gulf which destroyed livelihoods and way of life. Aside from the issues listed above, key concerns in relation to how ocean dumping affects human life are identified as follows (Burger, 2009) – 1) Occupational accidents, injuries, and exposures; ) Exposure of the public to hazardous or toxic material s washed up on beaches; 3) Human consumption of marine organisms that have been contaminated by ocean disposal. A further complication is the practice of legal dumping where countries (including the US) allow dumping of materials into the sea/ocean following certain situations and measures. Environmental organizations have since been advocating against such measures. To counteract them however, in the case of the US, the following measures have been put in place – †¢ Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Toxic Substances Control Act, †¢ Water Pollution Prevention and Control Act, †¢ Air Pollution Prevention and Control Act, Dangerous Cargo Act, †¢ Ports and Waterways Safety Act, †¢ Deep Water Ports Act, †¢ Ocean Dumping Act Of the above, the biggest act with a direct impact on ocean dumping is the last measure, the Ocean Dumping Act. Enacted in 1988, with additional amendments the EPA presents the highlights of the act today as follows (EPA, 20 10) – †¢ TITLE I – OCEAN DUMPING BAN ACT OF 1988 (Amends the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act, commonly called the â€Å"Ocean Dumping Act†) Makes it unlawful for any person to dump, or transport for the purpose of dumping, sewage sludge or industrial waste into ocean waters after December 31, 1991; †¢ Prohibits, after the 270th day after enactment, any person from dumping, or transporting for the purpose of dumping, sewage sludge or industrial waste into ocean waters unless the person: (1) enters into a compliance or enforcement agreement (which includes a plan negotiated by the dumper, the State, and EPA for terminating dumping as well as a schedule which EPA believes will result in the termination of the dumping), and (2) obtains a permit issued by EPA under authority of sec. 02 of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA); †¢ Provides for the payment of special fees for dumping and any penalties incurred by a dumper to be deposited into certain funds for use in finding alternatives to ocean dumping. †¢ TITLE II – DESIGNATION OF AREAS FOR PRIORITY CONSIDERATION UNDER NATIONAL ESTUARY PROGRAM †¢ This title adds four new areas to the list of sites which EPA must give priority consideration when designating new estuaries for inclusion in the National Estuary Program: Massachusetts Bay; Barataria-Terrebonne Estuary Complex, Louisiana; Indian River Lagoon, Florida; and Peconic Bay, New York. TITLE III – DUMPING OF MEDICAL WASTE †¢ Cited as the â€Å"United States Public Vessel Medical Waste Anti-Dumping Act of 1988†, this section prohibits, 6 months after enactment, disposal of potentially infectious medical waste into ocean waters by a â€Å"public vessel†. Two narrowly crafted exceptions to this prohibition relating to health and safety of the crew, or times of war or national emergency are set forth. This title also: defines â€Å"medical wasteâ €  for purposes of the Ocean Dumping Act; adds medical wastes to the list of materials the dumping of which is prohibited under the Ocean Dumping Act; increases the civil penalties for illegal dumping of medical wastes under the Ocean Dumping Act and includes a provision for forfeiture of the vessel; and provides increased criminal sanctions under the Ocean Dumping Act for illegal dumping of medical wastes; defines â€Å"medical waste† for purposes of the CWA using the same definition as for the MPRSA; and, incorporates the term â€Å"medical waste† into the list of pollutants for which the discharge is prohibited under sec. 301(f) of the CWA. †¢ TITLE IV – SHORE PROTECTION ACT OF 1988 †¢ This section prohibits the transportation of municipal or commercial waste within coastal waters by a vessel without a permit and number or other marking. The Secretary of Transportation will issue the permits. The application procedure is set forth. Grounds on whi ch a permit may be denied are set forth. The federal Department of Transportation has discretion to deny permits, but must deny a permit if so requested by EPA. Other specifics as to this process are detailed. OpinionThe advocacies of Greenpeace and agencies campaigning against ocean dumping are clear in their message. Ocean Dumping is not conducive to maintaining ecological balance and while for now it might be immediately beneficial to those legally allowed to dump waste in our oceans, in the end when the toxicity level reaches concentrations that are deadly, there will come a point where it some areas of our oceans and bodies of water will become ‘dead' – marine life would not be supported and the toxicity from such concentrated pollution will easily affect other parts of struggling marine environments. Fishing and related industries will be affected and human life dependent on marine bounty will be deeply affected.To me, it seems that because of the vastness of the planet's oceans and the lack of a universal enforcement body and law that can require countries and their citizens to ensure that all these rules are followed, it would seem that some of these advocacies and campaign fall into deaf earns. There are shorelines and coastlines the world over that are now full of debris, coral reefs have died, former healthy fishing habitats have now dried up. What I find most problematic is the ‘legal dumpings' – if environmental protection of oceans is a priority surely dumpings that no doubt will increase ocean debris and contribute to water toxicity should not be tolerated.So far however in international waters, without the activity of advocates like Greenpeace, the negative effect of ocean dumping will most certainly not find its way into public concerns. A country can only police its own people and its shorelines. I believe that globalization has increased man's activities in relation to manufacture travel and trade and pollution brou ght about by ocean dumping will no doubt have long term affects to the health and state of marine life all over the world. A universal measure to counteract this problem and the creation of an international agency empowered by the UN for example should be put in place to ensure that the problem does not escalate. I doubt this will happen anytime soon, however.The 1982 UN Convention on The Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) which was enforced in 1994 is the closest but is limited for it only provides a ‘framework for the determination of the rights and obligations of states relating to the oceans' only. While ‘Part XII contains provisions with regard to protection and preservation of the marine environment' – they are still just non-working provisos that are having problems in terms of enforcement. Without an agency tasked to reinforce the provisos, the Law of the Sea remains ineffective. References: http://www. enotes. com/public-health-encyclopedia/ocean-dumping http:/ /archive. greenpeace. org/odumping/ http://www1. american. edu/ted/arctic. htm http://www. epa. gov/history/topics/mprsa/02. htm http://www. pollutionissues. com/Na-Ph/Ocean-Dumping. html

Free Essays on Beyond Oasis

BEYOND OASIS I hate you for what you’ve reduced me too I hate you for what you’ve done to me I hate you for the way you make me feel I hate you for making me not feel wanted I hate you for making me feel not good enough I hate you for being all I want I hate you for being all I need I hate you for not being mine I hate you for not caring I hate you for not loving me And most of all I hate you for making me love you I’m Broken battered and bruised I’m Shattered torn and humiliated Yet say a word and I’ll crumble at your feet But no more! I will not sit around crying I will not be the victim I shall not falter I will keep my mental I will stay composed I will stay cool calm and collected I will not fold I will not break I will say and do the right things I will not shout lose my cool, cry, fight curse and let you know I’m wounded I will accept everything with an emotionless shudder For I know not defeat only victory I shall be victorious I have the know how, the guile the courage And in Gods name I have the strength And I will win, I will not fail I cannot, shall not fail Not again I will not suffer again I will not be made a fool You will not make me cry You will not hurt me again I will come out on top I swear I know in my heart I will get my way I’ll keep all my mind and strength I will reach beyond my oasis and soak the sweet essence of victory I will nurture my conquest and right all the wrongs the battle will make God please forgive me for what I’m about to do, it is said to get to heaven you must pass through hell Well my path is clear I’ve reached hells doorstep and by god I will get to my heaven God please give me the strength, know how, mindset and courage to succeed I will focus and I will BE VICTORIOUS I.G.W.T Who am I kidding I’m no fighter I hold no grudges... Free Essays on Beyond Oasis Free Essays on Beyond Oasis BEYOND OASIS I hate you for what you’ve reduced me too I hate you for what you’ve done to me I hate you for the way you make me feel I hate you for making me not feel wanted I hate you for making me feel not good enough I hate you for being all I want I hate you for being all I need I hate you for not being mine I hate you for not caring I hate you for not loving me And most of all I hate you for making me love you I’m Broken battered and bruised I’m Shattered torn and humiliated Yet say a word and I’ll crumble at your feet But no more! I will not sit around crying I will not be the victim I shall not falter I will keep my mental I will stay composed I will stay cool calm and collected I will not fold I will not break I will say and do the right things I will not shout lose my cool, cry, fight curse and let you know I’m wounded I will accept everything with an emotionless shudder For I know not defeat only victory I shall be victorious I have the know how, the guile the courage And in Gods name I have the strength And I will win, I will not fail I cannot, shall not fail Not again I will not suffer again I will not be made a fool You will not make me cry You will not hurt me again I will come out on top I swear I know in my heart I will get my way I’ll keep all my mind and strength I will reach beyond my oasis and soak the sweet essence of victory I will nurture my conquest and right all the wrongs the battle will make God please forgive me for what I’m about to do, it is said to get to heaven you must pass through hell Well my path is clear I’ve reached hells doorstep and by god I will get to my heaven God please give me the strength, know how, mindset and courage to succeed I will focus and I will BE VICTORIOUS I.G.W.T Who am I kidding I’m no fighter I hold no grudges...

The German, Austrian, and Swiss National Anthems

The German, Austrian, and Swiss National Anthems The melody of the German national anthem comes from the old Austrian imperial anthem â€Å"Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser† (â€Å"God Save Franz the Emperor†) by Franz Joseph Haydn  (1732-1809), which was first played on February 12, 1797. In 1841 Haydns melody was combined with with lyrics by August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben  Ã‚  (1798-1874) to create â€Å"Das Lied der Deutschen† or â€Å"Das Deutschlandlied.† From the time of Bismarcks Prussia (1871) up to the end of the First World War this anthem was replaced by another. In 1922 the first president of the German Republic (the â€Å"Weimar Republic†), Friedrich Ebert, officially introduced â€Å"Das Lied der Deutschen† as the national anthem. During the 12 years of the Nazi era, the first stanza was the official anthem. In May 1952 the third stanza was proclaimed the official anthem of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) by President Theodor Heuss. (East Germany had its own anthem.) The second verse, while never  verboten (forbidden), was not very popular because of its â€Å"wine, women, and song† references. The fourth verse was written by Albert Matthi during the French occupation of the Ruhr region in 1923. It is not part of the anthem today. Since 1952, only the third (â€Å"Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit†) verse has been the official anthem. Das Lied der Deutschen Song of the Germans German Lyrics Literal English Translation Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles, Germany, Germany above all, ber alles in der Welt, Above everything in the world, Wenn es stets zu Schutz und Trutze When always, for protection, Brderlich zusammenhlt, We stand together as brothers. Von der Maas bis an die Memel, From the Maas to the Memel Von der Etsch bis an den Belt - From the Etsch to the Belt - Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles, Germany, Germany above all ber alles in der Welt. Above all in the world. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue, German women, German loyalty, Deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang German wine and German song, Sollen in der Welt behalten Shall retain in the world, Ihren alten schnen Klang, Their old lovely ring Uns zu edler Tat begeistern To inspire us to noble deeds Unser ganzes Leben lang. Our whole life long. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue, German women, German loyalty, Deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang German wine and German song. Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit Unity and law and freedom fr das deutsche Vaterland! For the German Fatherland Danach lasst uns alle streben Let us all strive for that Brderlich mit Herz und Hand! In brotherhood with heart and hand! Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit Unity and law and freedom Sind des Glckes Unterpfand; Are the foundation for happiness Blh im Glanze dieses Glckes, Bloom in the glow of happiness Blhe, deutsches Vaterland. Bloom, German Fatherland. Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles,* Germany, Germany above all* Und im Unglck nun erst recht. And in misfortune all the more. Nur im Unglck kann die Liebe Only in misfortune can love Zeigen, ob sie stark und echt. Show if its strong and true. Und so soll es weiterklingen And so it should ring out Von Geschlechte zu Geschlecht: From generation to generation: Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles, Germany, Germany above all, Und im Unglck nun erst recht. And in misfortune all the more. Listen to  the  Melody: Lied der Deutschen  or to the the  Deutschlandlied  (orchestral version. Austrian National Anthem: Land der Berge The national anthem (Bundeshymne) of the  Republik Ãâ€"sterreich  (Republic of Austria) was officially adopted on February 25, 1947, following a contest to find a replacement for the former imperial anthem by Haydn that had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and now also had Nazi associations. The composer of the melody is not certain, but its origin goes back to 1791, when it was created for the freemason lodge to which both Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Johann Holzer (1753-1818) belonged. Current theory says that either Mozart or Holzer could have composed the melody. The lyrics were written by Paula von Preradovic (1887-1951), the winner of the 1947 competition. Preradovic was the mother of the Austrian Minister of Education, Felix Hurdes, who had encouraged her (a distinguished writer and poet) to enter the contest.   The  Swiss National Anthem (Die Schweizer Nationalhymne) The Swiss national anthem has a unique history that reflects the  nature of Switzerland itself. Switzerland (die Schweiz) may be an old country, but its current national anthem has only been official since 1981. Although the Schweizer Landeshymne or Landeshymne was tentatively approved by the Swiss Nationalrat in 1961 and was in general use after 1965, the anthem did not actually become official for another 20 years (April 1, 1981). The anthem itself, originally known as the Schweizerpsalm, is much older. In 1841 the priest and composer Alberik Zwyssig of Urn was asked to compose music for a patriotic poem written by his friend, Zurich music publisher Leonhard Widmer. He used a hymn that he had already composed, and adapted it for Widmers words. The result was the Schweizerpsalm, which soon became popular in parts of Switzerland. But some Swiss cantons, such as French-speaking Neuchatel, had their own anthems. Efforts to select an official Swiss national anthem (to replace an old one that used the British God Save the Queen/King melody) ran up against the countrys five languages and strong regional identities until 1981.

Information Technology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Technology - Assignment Example This mode of operation allows nodes on the wireless network to communicate directly to each other. Infrastructure mode in better compared to the alternative ad-hoc wireless networks because it offers scalability, security management at a central point and improves the reach. While AP devices are seem as the only shortcoming of this infrastructure mode of operation. Question 2 The node does not need to be mobile because the internet through the access point has only one IP address. The node becomes mobile if the IP address and the name changes and this happens in new locations. If the laptop user accesses the internet through the same AP then he/she is still within the same location. Dynamic Host Configuration (DHCP) could be used to solve the mobility of a node where new IP address is acquired in new location. Question 3 a. X(t) will continue to come in order to fill the client buffer, the received TCP buffer will be drained at a rate of d by the client application after the client b uffer has been filled by the incoming buffer from the server buffer. The client will therefore store the received data without playing it back immediately as it receives it this provides a playout delay. The data is played from the buffer allowing the received data to fill the back up of the buffer. The playout delay is increase by accumulating more data in the buffer before playing it. Unusual delay of the playout results to data in the buffer dipping more than usual than the refilled data. Therefore the client buffer evolves with the buffering and playout delays in addition to delays by the network. When considering switching from TCP to UDP sound quality should be a factor because TCP gives better sound quality than UDP. Question 4 a. When a high priority packet arrives during the transmission of a low priority packet, preemptive scheduling occurs. There is an interruption of lower priority packet while higher priority packet is transmitted in full. Preemptive scheduling does not make sense in networks since it wastes a lot of bandwidth given that the lower packet is partially received which does not make sense. In the figure assume that packets 1, 3, and 4 are of higher priority while 2 and 5 are of lower priority the transmission of packets will be interrupted if the higher priority packets arrive before the completion of lower priority packets. In a preemptive priority queuing the packets of higher-priority will be send first before the transmission of lower priority packets hence packets 1,3,4,2 then 5 sequence will be followed. b. Delay play-out is used to compensate delays in the network and the jitters delay in the transmission of the packets. References Alvarez-Cuevas F, Bertran M, Oller F, Selga JM (1993) Voice synchronization in packet switching networks. IEEE Networks Mag 7(5):20–25 Yajnik M, Kurose J, Towsley D: Packet loss correlation in the Mbone multicast network. In: Proceedings of IEEE Global Internet Mini-Conference, Part of GLOBECO M ’96, London, England, pp 94–99 E. Shim and R. Gitlin, â€Å"NeighborCasting: A fast handoff mechanism in wireless IP using neighboring foreign agent information,† presented at the New York Metro Area Networking Workshop, New York,

The Economics of Marriage and Divorce Research Paper

The Economics of Marriage and Divorce - Research Paper Example Going further, the paper shall discuss how economics affects decision making during the married period or the period leading to a divorce. The table above shows the trends in marriage and divorce rates in the US per 1000 people. It clearly shows that marriage rates have gone up and down cyclically while the divorce rates have shown a steady increase. Data in the 60’s show that while divorce rate was 2.5 per thousand, in the 80’s it shot up to 5.2 per 1000. (Friedberg Leora & Stern Steven, 2003) This has now come down and in 2005 it showed 3.6 divorces per thousand people. Data also reveals that in 1880, 75% of married people stayed together with their children which reduced to 41% in 2005. ( Wolfers Justin & Stevenson Betsey, 2007)1 However, the graph does not provide an accurate analysis of the current marriage rate since there has been a significant percentage of live-in relationships that have increased over the past decade. Marriages, unlike live-in relationships, have a contractual obligation that is rendered to the husband and wife by the state or by the priest who is presiding over the occasion. While some marriage functions have limited obligations that are spelled out by the priest, there are others that might require the couple to state what would be their conduct towards each other. Just like a contract, other terms would include how the money would be inherited to either couple in the event of a death or divorce and how much financial support would be provided if there is a child involved. (Dnes Antony & Rowthorn Robert, 2002) Just like in economics, where money plays an important role in making decisions, there are traditions in the Hindu culture of India that promote taking of dowry or the wealth that the bride would bring along when she would be legally wedded to the husband.

The Future of Airline Operators amidst the Oil Crisis Essay

The Future of Airline Operators amidst the Oil Crisis - Essay Example Theories abound the origin of oil, and like other forms of fossil fuel, is believed to have come from ancient animal and plant remains that was buried under soil and mud through a very long period of time and settled down into the Earth's crusts. The buried ancient animal and plant matter piled upon the Earth's crust and eventually compressed and heated by the Earth's immense internal pressure and temperature. The oil then seeped through the rock layers forming reservoirs, most of which are found in desserts, ocean bottoms, ice layers and many other external terrain formations (Wikipedia, 2006a). These oil reservoirs are being harvested right now by countries that were fortunate enough to have an oil reserve in their midsts, particularly in the Middle East where the most abundant oil reserves are found. These countries now form the organisation known as OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Countries) which controls most of the world's oil supply and prices. While it seems like the suppl y of oil is unlimited it is not, the supply of oil is beginning to dwindle. ... d was way cheaper back in the period of the World Wars it was at these period that oil was still abundant and conflicts on the price and supply of oil were non-existent. The OPEC was not founded yet and inflation was not too much prevalent back then. Brandly (2004) the current oil crisis is predicted by Hubbert's Peak (or Hubbert's model or theory as some authors put it) which states and assumes that oil is non-renewable and that even though organic matter is currently added to the Earth's crust and that the rate of decomposition and conversion of this organic matter into crude oil will not catch up with the world's demand for oil. The 'peak' in Hubbert's Peak refers to the highest point of oil production at a certain area which will be soon followed by a sudden drop leading to a crisis. According to those who believe in Hubbert's theory, the world is now at its peak and is nearing another major oil crisis not because of political conflict but mainly due to a real short in oil supply . In a National Geographic article written by Appenzeller (2004), oil companies are now putting more human and financial resources in finding new oil sources. It only means that the actual crisis is happening not after the 1st drop of oil has been extracted but rather in the present when oil production is at its peak. The world is predicted to run out of oil in about 5 to 30 years from now. The oil shortage will not only affect transport and power generation, but also other factors as Amos (2004) reported, stating that oil process will affect birth rates, food prices and other commodities. This is especially true with Third World countries where the price of oil on the world market affects the basic commodities. Amos (200) points out that the economic depression will force people

South Africa Essay Example for Free

South Africa Essay In South Africa, civil disobedience was also strongly practiced. By simply looking back at South Africas history, it is indeed safe to say that civil disobedience is justifiable. Apartheid in South Africa is a fact, and is also a part of world history. Apartheid is the main reason why civil disobedience, also considered â€Å"passive resistance in South Africa, was practiced. Apartheid in South Africa was brought about by the settlement of the whites in the country. The term â€Å"separate development† was then used to categorize South Africans into three racial categories. These three categories included the Bantu, White and Colored. Bantu were the black Africans, White were the Americans and Colored were the people with mixed race. The laws under the apartheid system were harsh – black Africans were not allowed to own land even when they were the natives of the country. The members of the White had power over more than 80% of the total land area of South Africa even when the whites were a minority during that time. What makes civil disobedience justifiable in South Africa was when black Africans were not allowed to come in contact with other races. The prohibition of social contact brought about other social injustice like race-specific jobs, separation of education standards, restricted powers and participation in social events (Robinson, 1999). The role of civil disobedience in the given examples is to save people from extreme hardship. It functioned as the first step towards resistance to social injustice. Civil disobedience is then preferred by a lot of people all over the world because it is a form of peaceful rebellion. Given that some of the laws and platforms of a country are repressive and encouraging of violence, what kind of world will this world be if this is fought with armed rebellion? That said, civil disobedience is a step towards a fair revolution and a just society. References: Africa Action. (2006). Nonviolent Civil Disobedience Guide. Retrieved March 7, 2008 from http://www. africaaction. org/campaign_new/page. php? op=readdocumentid. DuBrin, D. (2008). What is the Role of Civil Disobedience Today? Retrieved March 7, 2008  from www. pbs. org/newshour/extra/teachers/lessonplans/socialstudies/htm. Gandhi, M. (1921). Civil Disobedience. Retrieved March 7, 2008 from http://www. gandhimanibhavan. org/eduresources/article8. htm. Kamat, J. (2005). Indias Freedom Struggle: Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements. Retrieved March 7, 2008 from http://www. kamat. com/kalranga/freedom/movements. htm. Robinson, J. (1999). Africa. Retrieved March 7, 2008 from http://www. africanaencyclopedia. com/apartheid/apartheid. html.

Urbanization and Human Influence Essay -- Environmental Geology Essays

Urbanization and Human Influence It is estimated that by the year 2000, half the world population will live in urban environments (Porter and Brown, 1996). The US Bureau of the Census defines an area as being urbanized if a central city and its closely settled surrounding territory are of a certain size with 50,000 people and density of at least 1,000 people per square mile (Knox, 1994). A component of the definition denotes that human influence is a main aspect of urbanized areas in the process of urbanization. Unfortunately in order to create an urbanized area, a natural environment must be destroyed. Urbanization and human activity within an urban system produces many destructive and irreversible effects on natural environments such as climate change, air pollution, sediment and soil erosion, increased flooding magnitude, and loss of habitat. Cities in an urban environment change the local climate dramatically. Temperatures are always warmer in the city than it is in the surrounding areas creating a sort of "heat-island" (Harms, 1994). In a city, the sun’s energy is not used in the same way as in open landscapes with vegetation and trees. Concrete, stone, asphalt, and roofs tend to act as solar collectors and emit and absorb heat. The burning of fossil fuels also emit greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide that heat up the atmosphere around the source and usually the source is within urban environments. Cities also tend to be cloudier, rainier, and less humid than their surrounding areas. Cities are 10 percent rainier and 10 percent cloudier and have a 25 percent lower average wind speed, 30 percent more summer fog, and 100 percent more winter fog than nonurban areas (Keller, 1996). Average relative humidity is six percent... ...an up and rebuild cities in balance with nature (Merrifield and Swyngedouw, 1997) rather than destroy natural environments. With more and more people living and moving to cities, the problem will extend beyond existing boundaries and result in more damage to the natural environment. The effects of urbanization on the environment are permanent and extensive and urban policy must change in order to save what is left in the natural world. Literature Cited Harms, Valerie. 1994. The National Audubon Society: Almanac of the Environment. G.P. Putnam’s Sons: New York Keller, Edward A. 1996. Environmental Geology. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River. Merrifield, Andy and Erik Swygedouw. 1997. The Urbanization of Injustice. New York University Press: New York. Porter, Gareth and Janet Welsh Brown. 1996. Global Environmental Politics. Westview Press: Boulder.

Beaten Like Dogs Essay

? â€Å"They went by, fallen, dragging their packs, dragging their lives, deserting their childhood, cringing like beaten dogs. † This quote stated in the book the Night written by Elie Wiesel. This quote simply sums up the book in a few words. For me it shows the indescribable misery endured by the Jewish people. This quote really has a deep impact on me. It makes me realize how lucky I am, to live in a country where there is a freedom to practice whatever religion you want to be a part of. It makes me feel so bad for all the torture that the Jews suffered. When I think about the gas chambers, the starvation, and the abuse, I put myself in the position of a Jewish person. If my family was told we were all going to shower, and finally be clean, and we were actually being executed. It makes me sick to my stomach. The disgust the images from this quote bring to me, I will never forget. When I juxtapose my life with an 18 year old Jewish boy’s life in 1945 I realize the suffrage that they went through. I choose to have a job, which I get paid for. While a Jewish boy at this time would be forced to do hard labor for no pay and if they refuse they would be brutally murdered. I eat everyday three meals a day but this boy however gets little to no food. Could I live like this? Suffering everyday surviving physical and mental torture. I really don’t think I could, all of the people, good innocent people being persecuted for their religion I have realized were stronger then the over compensating Nazi’s who got there high from literally breaking down these good people. This quote has changed the way I look at my life and the freedom and choices I get to make every day. Such as: school, clothing, sports, and my job. Also the quote has changed my view on abusive parents. I’ve always known this is a bad thing, but the quote makes me picture how an abused child could feel on the inside. In my opinion Wiesel named the book â€Å"Night† because the Jewish people in the death camps felt like they were trapped in the darkness, and would never see the light of day again.

Assignment Composition Essay

As an experienced social care worker you have been asked to mentor a new social care worker. You plan to use a supervision session to explain about the duty of care and how this helps to protect individuals from harm and abuse. Prepare a set of notes to help you in this supervision session. In the notes, you must include an explanation of: Ai)What is meant by ‘duty of care’ Aii)How the duty of care affects the work of a social care worker Aiii)What having a duty of care means for a care giving organisation Aiv)How the duty of care contributes to safeguarding individuals Ai)What is meant by ‘duty of care’ Duty of care means the obligations you have in your role as a care worker to ensure that your service users are supported and enabled to live in an environment which is free from prejudice and safe from abuse or injury. This means providing care and support for individuals within the law and also within the policies, procedures and agreed ways of working of your employer. Every individual should be supported and enabled to live in a safe environment and it is your responsibilities under the duty of care are to do everything reasonable within the definition of your job role to make this happen. Aii)How the duty of care affects the work of a social care worker A care worker has responsibility at work, under the duty of care, to do everything reasonable within the law and also within the policies, procedures and agreed ways of working of your employer to make the environment for your service users safe. Your duty of care means that you must aim to provide high quality care to the best of your ability and say if there are any reasons why you may be unable to do so. As a care worker, you must adhere to a standard of reasonable care and you are expected to keep your knowledge and skills up to date in order to provide a service of no  less a quality than that to be expected based on those skills, etc. If you do not work in this way, you could be considered negligent or incompetent. You also need to keep accurate and up to date records of your work. However, you must keep those records confidential except where the wider duty of care or the public interest might justify disclosure. Aiii)What having a duty of care means for a care giving organisation The duty of care to a service user exists from the moment they are accepted for treatment or a task is accepted and they begin to receive services. This obligation applies to those working part time or full time, those in agency or temporary roles as well as students and volunteers. All health and social care organisations, whether they are public, private or voluntary organisations, have a duty of care. Their duty of care is to provide a comprehensive service to citizens and to demonstrate that, within the available resources, the appropriate priorities are chosen. They must also ensure that those people who are providing that care are able to do so safely in appropriate and timely manner. To ensure this is the case, training is provided by employers to help ensure that their employees’ knowledge and skills is up to date. Aiv)How the duty of care contributes to safeguarding individuals In order to safeguard individuals from harm, care workers have a duty of care to raise any concerns they have about any aspect of their work. These could be things such as inadequate working conditions, poor equipment, poor practice by other staff, and also raising concerns about potential abuse cases and situations of neglect. If such a situation did arise or the care worker were in any doubt at any time, it would be their duty to raise these issues with their supervisor / manager. A negligent act could be unintentional but careless or intentional that results in abuse or injury. A negligent act is breaching the duty of care. If an individual has evidence that you have been negligent, you are likely to be disciplined. You could lose your job and you could have legal action taken against you. Task B: Reflective account Describe two situations which demonstrate a conflict or dilemma between exercising a duty of care and the rights of an individual. In this first  scenario, the care and support plan for a physically disabled individual includes for the support worker to take them to a cafà © or restaurant every week. This gives them the opportunity to dine out as they are unable to do this alone. However, in this case the client is overweight and a diabetic and their doctor has said they should be making wiser choices. In situations where there is a conflict of interest or a dilemma between an individual’s rights and a carer’s duty of care, it is best practice to make sure the individual is aware of the consequences of their choice and that they have the mental capacity to understand the risks involved in their choice. Presenting the client with the information and facts in a non-judgemental way allows the individual to make an informed choice about where and what they eat. The care worker should take care to use an encouraging and supportive tone of voice and words so that the individual does not feel bullied or harassed into doing what they think the care worker wants them to do. The support worker should tell the individual the facts about eating at McDonalds and ask them if they would like to try somewhere different. It is the role of the care assistant to assist them in making those choices and reducing the risks without compromising their rights. Ultimately, if the client does not want to do so, then the care worker should take them to McDonalds if this remains their choice. If an individual insists on doing something that the care worker disagrees with, they can only advise and encourage them. However, they would be failing in their duty of care if they did not try to prevent the client coming to any harm although in this case, intervention was not necessary. Any ongoing concerns the care worker has should be discussed with their manager and perhaps they could also request the client be given more information about their condition from a health worker or dietician so they have the full facts in order to make wise choices. In the second scenario, let us assume that the client has been categorised by the appropriate professional authorities as ‘a person who lacks capacity’. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) has a set of criteria to determine whether a person is able to make informed decisions and choices. The term ‘a person who lacks capacity’ means a person who is unable to make a particular decision or take a particular action for themselves at the time the decision or action needs to be taken. The dilemma is that the care worker would still want to respect the decisions of the client but would need to exercise a duty of care to make sure that this person was not exploited as they are very vulnerable. If, after a discussion with the client, the care worker had concerns that the client had made an inappropriate decision, they would need to report it to their manager, for example, if the person has given their money away or if another person has â€Å"borrowed† it etc. By passing the information to the manager, the care worker would have respected the client’s privacy by not revealing information to outside agencies without permission and also fulfilled their duty of care by trying to safeguard them from harm. A record of the incident should be made in writing and both signed and dated. It would then be the manager’s role to inform outside agencies if appropriate, such as the police, or the client’s family. Task C: Guidance Notes Write a set of guidance notes for social care workers to help them deal with complaints. In the notes, you must: Ci)Explain legal and organisational requirements for dealing with complaints. Cii)Describe how best to respond to complaints from service users, other practitioners and the family of service users Ci)Anyone who has a concern regarding the Stockport NHS Foundation Trust which includes Tameside and Glossop Community Healthcare can make a complaint. A service user can complain about the service or the treatment they have received or alternatively, a complaint can be made on behalf of another person. If anyone is unhappy with any aspect of their care or the service received, they should speak to member of staff as soon as possible. If that staff member cannot resolve the problem or the person is not comfortable talking to them, the complainant can contact the Patient and Customer Services Department (PCS) by phone, email or post as soon as possible. The PCS aim to resolve all complaints quickly and satisfactorily  but if the issue is too complex to resolve quickly, they may ask them to put their concerns in writing so they can begin a formal investigation. Cii)Treat the person with respect, listen to their concerns and reassure them that the matter will be treated seriously. Deal with the issue promptly and in many cases, it should be possible to sort out the problem straight away. If the member of staff approached cannot resolve the problem, the PCS department may need to be involved. Explain to the person how the procedure works and timeframes: The procedure The complaint will be reviewed by the Head or Deputy Head of Patient & Customer Services. It will be graded according to the complexity and severity of the issue. A case officer will be appointed to coordinate the investigation. The case officer will check whether there are any confidentiality issues and also whether more than one organization is involved. If necessary, the persons consent will be required so that additional organization are informed. Details of the complaint will recorded on the Risk Management Database and forwarded to the correct department for investigation. Patient confidentiality will be respected. For example, if the complainant is acting on behalf of someone else, a form requesting the authorisation of the patient to disclose confidential information to them may be required. Similarly, if the patient themselves is unable to provide their consent, e.g. they have died, then appropriate authorisation for the complainant to act and receive information on the patient’s behalf may be required, such as written consent from the Next of Kin. The person who has raised a complaint should not worry that they will discriminated against and that their, or their relatives, future healthcare will be affected. To maintain confidentiality of patients and staff, letters of complaints and their replies are not stored in the patients’ records. They are kept centrally within the Patient & Customer Services Department. If the person is unhappy with the response that the Trust provides or they would like further clarification of the points raised, they should contact the case officer dealing with the complaint to discuss further options. Timeframes The Trust will acknowledge the complaint by contacting the complainant within 3 working days of it being received. The Trust will strive to provide the  complainant with a full response, wherever possible, within 25 working days. If it is likely to take longer than 25 working days to resolve, then a date by which a response is anticipated will be provided plus ongoing progress reports will be given at regular intervals.